This PNR Series Practical workbook represents all the practicals of 2nd year, Diploma pharmacy of Pharmacology and Toxicology. The experiments are designed to acquaint the student with various pharmacological and toxicological principles or concepts. It includes title of experiment, laboratory requirements, a brief introductory material, principle or theory and detailed procedure stepwise. Only observations, results and conclusion must be noted by students which would save their time. Many well – known procedures for preparing animals or isolated organs are explained in very simple way with proper diagrammatic representation wherever required. The procedures have been kept as simple as possible, since the experiments depend on student participation. The students are expected to read each experiment thoroughly before attending the laboratory and collect data carefully; then tabulate and explain the results. They should discuss the results in detail with the instructor or faculty member. We welcome any comments on the experiments from our colleagues which would improve the quality of the guide for pharmacology and toxicology instruction.
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